Hz/volts - synths and sequencers

Analog synthesizer manufacturers typically adopt one of several standards:

Hz per volt - used by Yamaha and Korg 

1V per octave - used by Moog, Roland, ARP and Doepfer

1.2V per octave - used by Buchla and EML 

0.32V per octave - used by EMS

0.26V per octave - used on oscillator 3 of the EMS VCS3 

I've been playing a lot recently with my old Korgs.

I keep coming back to them. They are real classics !!!

They use the hertz/volts CV standard, meaning they follow a linear characteristic

where each successive octave requires a doubling of the control voltage.

In practical terms this means that the number of instruments which you can 

successfully integrate with your vintage Korg synths is limited.

Here is a list .. 

I'll update as I go along. 

If I have missed any, please let me know so I can add it to the list.

Arturia

Beatstep - cheap & flexible.

Beatstep Pro

Key step

Keystep Pro

Microfreak - one of the few modern synths whose sequencer can be configured to output Hz/v

Arturia Minibrute 2s

The MiniBrute 2S works. I suspect the rest of the "brutes" also work with old Korgs.

The standard used on most Eurorack modules and on Arturia's Brute series 

of synthesizers is V/Oct (1Volt per octave),

however, it can be changed to Hz/V (Hertz per Volt) using Arturia's MIDI control center.

CVs in the range 0V-1V, 0V-2V, 0V-5V, and 0V-8V.

Five clock standards are supported, including  analog clock, 24ppqn and 48ppqn. 

Of special note, the Brutes, beatsteps, etc  can convert analog clock to MIDI Clock and  then

transmit this over MIDI and USB. 

Thus you can synchronise MIDI equipment to those analogue clocks.

Keystep

The default is 1V/Oct , though this can be changed to Herz/Oct.

(1.2V /Oct is not supported).

Keystep pro

By default, the transmitted pitch voltage is compatible with the 1.0 V per octave standard,

To use a 1.2 V per octave or a Hertz per Volt (Hz/V) standard you can change the corresponding setting in the MIDI Control Center.

Microfreak

By default, the transmitted Pitch voltage is compatible with the 1v per octave standard.

To use the 1.2 V per octave standard, you have to change the corresponding setting in Utility>CV/Gate>Pitch Format or in the MIDI Control Center.

Gate signals can also have different output ranges (S-Trig, V-Trig 5V, V-Trig 10V). These too can be changed in Utility>CV/Gate>Gate Format or in the MIDI Control Center.

Doepfer

A-190-1 MCVS 

This is a MIDI to CV/SYNC Interface in Eurorack

You can set the CV to Hz/V and the trigger to -ve polarity

Expert Sleepers

Disting Mk1/2 (Eurorack)

Disting Mk 3

Disting Mk4

Silent way - software

It runs as a plug-in for your DAW

Elby Electronics

ED102 - Octave-Volts-Hertz

This is a eurorack module

Elektron

A4 - Analog 4

The synth's sequencer has a very flexible CV/gate

config. I use it with Buchla & well as Korg.

The CVs are digitally controlled which makes for high precision.

Endorphin.es

Shuttle control

PITCH 1V/OCT, PITCH 1.2V/OCT AND HZ/V are

the control voltages available

SHUTTLE CONTROL outputs +5V at C4 note 

(the highest voltage SHUTTLE CONTROL can transmit). 

Then 1 octave lower C3 will return +2.5V, C2: 1.25V, C1: 0.625V, C0: 0,313V, C-1: 0.156V and the last one C-2: 0.078125V (with pretty bad resolution however). 

As you may see, the accuracy in the lower octaves is bad and on the edge of SHUTTLE CONTROL's CV resolution possibilities. 

That is why the useful range for controlling such type of synthesizers is roundabout 3 to 4 octaves.

Future Retro

Mobius sequencer

G-storm

This is a eurorack module

Electro KVP Pitch CV + Gate Voltage Processor for MS-20

Harvestman aka Industrial Music Electronics 

English Tear (eurorack)

Hexinverter 

Mutant brain - polyphonic CV/gate 

                        CV output resolution: 12bits (V/oct or V/Hz)

Keith McMillen

QuNexus - keyboard/sequencer

Use the editor to set this to 1 Volt per Octave, 1.2 Volts per Octave (Buchla) , or Hertz per Volt

Kenton

Pro-solo

Pro-2000

Modular Solo

Korg synths & sequencers

One thing to always remember is that although the MS-20 uses Hz/V, the

original Korg designers showed some forethought & added a TOTAL IN 

socket on the patch panel.

This can be used as a V/Oct CV Input (with some careful adjustment of the

frequency modulation MG/T.Ext knob) 

It's not a proper V/Oct CV in (I think its better suited to filter, than pitch) 

but certainly better than nothing.

MS10

MS 20

MS 20 mini

MS 50 

VC 10 (vocoder)

X-911 (guitar synth)

MS-01 - foot controller pedal

MS-02 - CV/trigger interface

MS-03 - signal processor

               (Pitch to Voltage circuit)

MS-04 - pedal (CV modulation)

SQ-10 sequencer

SQ-1 sequencer

SQ- 64

Tracks A,B and C are for melodic/chords tracks and all have GATE/CV and MOD control voltage outputs for modular gear 

CV out can be: Hz/V, 0.26V/oct, 0.32V/oct, 1V/oct, 1.2V/oct  - 

with voltage bias adjustment and 0V reference note adjustment (per track)

Gate out: 10V, 5V, V-Trig, S-Trig

Mod out: 0V-10V,  voltage bias adjustment

Track D - the drum track has 16 possible tracks, via MIDI with 8 drum trigger 

outputs for working with modular gear.

FK - 3 Korg Vol pedal (not really part of the MS range, but still works well with them)

FK - 5 korg pedal

Sigma - KP-30 analog monophonic synthesizer

Cool joysticks & 19 presets

It possesses Hz/V CV & gate 

inputs/outputs

SE-500 Stage Echo

This is a Tape Echo machine.

Its has trigger inputs for feedback and turning the effect on/off.

There is also a CV input for controlling the speed

Torso Electronics

T-1 algorithmic sequencer

Ladik

U-202 V/oct to Hz/V converter (4HP) eurorack

U-201 Hz/V to V/oct converter (4HP)

Metasonix

S1000 Wretch Machine

RK7 VCO (eurorack)

RK4 Bandpass Filter/Osc (eurorack)

RK6 Dual-triode 12dB LPF

R-60 MIDI/CV interface

TM-3 SN80 Tube VCO 

TM-2 filter

TM-1 Waveshaper/Ring Modulator

R54 Vacuum Tube Oscillator & Filter

R-55 Thyratron VCO

TS-23 DUAL THYRATRON VCO

+ Phillip Rees 

Little MCV - Midi to CV converter

These are out of production, but I do see them come up

occasionally second hand on Reverb and Ebay

 Can generate control voltages for the common one-volt-per-octave (logarithmic VCO, as used by Roland and Moog) system and the so-called volts-per-hertz (linear VCO, as used by Korg) system. CV type is selected by a slider.

+ Polyend

 

 Polyend 2 - eurorack MIDI to CV converter

   1-4 Gate (0-5V or 0-10V),

   1-4 Pitch (0-10V, V/Oct, Hz/V, Buchla standard 1.2v/oct).

   A really handy module that allows you to use the sequencer

   of your choice

Pioneer 

Toraiz Squid sequencer

2x CV OUT (V/Oct, Hz/V) 

CV output range: 1V, 2V, 5V, 10V, ±5V (V/Oct) / 8V (Hz/V) 

2 GATE OUT (V-Trigger, S-Trigger) 

GATE output range: 5V, 10V (V-Trigger)

Sequentix 

Cirklon sequencer

Its a MIDI sequencer but the 

CVIO option adds 16 CV and 8 gate outputs.

The CV outputs support V/octave and Hz/V modes plus portamento/glide and micro-tuning options. 

The gate outputs can be configured in 5V v-gate or S-trig modes.

Squarp 

Pyramid sequencer

CV V/oct or CV Hz/V, 

or exotic voltages like 1.2, 0.32 or 0.5 V/oct.

Synthstrom

Deluge - synth/sequencer

The Deluge has been designed to support the widest range of CV / gate standards possible. 

A number of settings are available in the settings menu.

Each CV output may be set, in 0.01V increments, to any value between 0.01V and 2.00V per octave, or to “Hz per volt”. 

TouellSkouarn 

Jedonian 1V/Oct-Hz/V bidirectional Converter (eurorack)

Moog

The original Taurus I

PAIA

4700/2700 modular

Fatman

XOR Electronics

Nerdseq - eurorack tracker sequencer

Yamaha Synths

CS-5

CS-10

CS-15

CS-20 / CS 20M

Cs-30 ... has a built in sequencer.

Cs-40 / CS40M

These old Yamahas are Hz/V but have a different range

than say the Korg MS-10 or 20. 

The CS is scaled I believe at half the voltage of the MS 

(Yamaha's probably 0.25 to 0.5 to 1v and so on instead of Korg's 1V to 2V to 4V)

It's still double each octave ....so they have the same scaling curve) but the range

is different.

In practical terms this means you can sequence it with something like a SQ-1 

but you will probably find it won’t go down to the lower 0.25V?? octave of the CS.  

(I don't think the SQ-1 goes below 1V in Hz/V mode).

It's interesting that Yamaha never made a independent CV/gate sequencer.

It's a shame, as this would have made things a whole

lot easier

So the question is why even bother to add these connections??

I think the answer was to aid with expansion.

ie joining more than one synth.... 

in order to make a multiple-system synthesizer

Zlob

Dual VCO

This is a DIY eurorack VCO

There is a control voltage input, and a switch for selecting exponential or linear cv in.
The exponential setting should be good for Korg & Yamaha keyboards & sequencers 

-------------------------------------------------------------

Final thoughts & conclusions

As I compiled the list I found that there were actually quite a lot of sequencers

that use the Hz/V standard. 

It's a testament to the MS20 in particular. It's legendary status ensured that lots and lots

of manufacturers chose to add a Hz/V option.

(Some even down right copied the synths).

I think it would be great if more manufacturers added a Hz/v option to new synths to add to this legacy.

I'd love to expand my MS system with a new 3 oscillator Korg MS 30 

For the moment (as far as synths that can use this standard go),

I'll have to be satisfied with using old Korg, PAiA & Yamaha synths.

1010 bitbox - triggered by Pioneer squid

 Some notes for using the Poineer's Squid with a mark 1, 1010 Bitbox

The Bitbox has 16  cells to trigger.

Exactly the same format as the Squid

 

 

Set all the trigger cells on the squid to output from midi 1, channel 1. 

 

These notes are good for a Squid
1. C-3      (48)*
2. C#3      (49)*
3. D-3      (50)*
4. D#3      (51)*
5. G#2      (44)**
6. A-2       (45) *
7. A#2       (46)**
8. B-2        (47)*
9. E-2         (40)*
10. F-2       (41)*
11. F#2       (42)*
12. G-2       (43)*
13. C-2       (36)*
14. C#2       (37)*
 15. D-2       (38)*
 16. D#2       (39)*

Links

+ Midi triggering the 1010 bitbox

 

note

TRS MIDI B
Arturia (e.g. Beatstep Pro and Keystep) and Novation (e.g. Circuit and Launchpad Pro) , Music1010 (MX4, blackbox, bitbox, synthbox) use ‘TRS MIDI B 

+ Midi/DIN  to TRS 3.5mm 

 

Modular Clocks - Analog, MIDI , PPQN

Modular Clocks ... seems simple at first, but the more you delve into this subject and try to sync
devices from different manufacturers, the more complex things can get.

If you have ever heard the Daft Punk tune "Moroder by Giorgio" you can hear Giorgio talk

about how he synced a Moog Modular.

"I know the synthesizer, why don't I use the synthesizer
Which is the sound of the future"
And I didn't have any idea what to do but I knew I needed a click
So we put a click on the 24-track which was then synced to the Moog modular
I knew that it could be a sound of the future
But I didn't realize how much the impact would be..."

Basic Tempo is made up of beats.
Beats are grouped into bigger units called measures.
Most often, a measure has 2 to 4 beats (though it can really have as many divisions as is desired).
A note which lasts for 1 beat is called a quarter note..... since it divides the average measure into quarters......
For electronic instruments.... this beat is actually a pulse of electricity..... often a 5V to 10V
amplitude pulse which had a regular cycle. This cycle was the sync signal and was used to clock pre midi devices. 

 
With the advent of MIDI, instead of being measured by cycles per second, the time base
was changed to Parts Per Quarter Note (PPQN), also known as pulses per quarter (PPQ), or Pulse (per) quarter note (PQN), and ticks per quarter note (TPQN)

If the time-base divides the instrument into 48 parts, that is called 48 PPQN.

MIDI sequencing hardware and software uses a variable number of timing resolutions. From as little as 24PPQN to 480 PPQN

A sequencer's resolution is defined as its ability to divide the beat of a quarter note into
a pulses. The more pulses, the more accurate a sequencer is.

Common divisions used by sequencers are :
24 parts - 24 ppqn
48 pulses - 48 ppqn
96 parts - 96 ppq
192 ppqn, etc etc etc
 
A module like Pamela's Workout will sync to an external clock input between 1PPQN to 24PPQN.
My Beastek Amoeba trigger module needs a 8 TPQN clock if you require external syncronization.
Note that most analog sequencers send out a pulse every 16th note which equals 4PPQN

MIDI clock = 24 pulses, so called "ticks" per quarter note
Roland equipment (606,707.727,808.909) use 24 pulses per quarter note (PPQN for short), known as DIN Sync24.
A notable Roland exception is the CR-78 which uses 12ppqn.

Korg equipment (eg KPR-77, DDM-110 & DDM-220) uses 48 pulses per quarter note.
(You also need to make a V-trig to S-trig cable).
Oberheim (DMX) & Linn is 96ppqn.
The SCI Drumtraks handles 24, 48, and 96 ppqn
EMU drumulator - 24ppqn - needs a din to 1/4 Y cable

-----------------
Summary:
********************************************************************************
Clock rates                  Equivalent in PPQN              Manufacturer
********************************************************************************
STEP GATE                     1 PPQN ?                         LFO or GATE OUT
 Pre - MIDI                                                              (advances in time on a rising edge and
                                                                                 returns to zero on  a falling edge) 
                                                                                 eg: DOEPFER DARK TIME, Korg SQ-10.
                                                                                 eg: Euro - Zularic Repetitor
                                                                                       (Noise Engineering), Erica Pico Seq &
                                                                                       Pico trigger , Delptronics Triggerman,
                                                                                       Disting Mk3 & 4,
                                                                                       Modcan Touch Sequencer (ext sync)
***************************************************************************
KORG Pulse                2 PPQN                             KORG (SQ-1), Volcas,
                                                                                  Teenage Engineering Pocket Operators
                                                                                  (POs sync on audio pulses,
                                                                                   essentially a click track).
********************************************************************************

STEP CLOCK               4 PPQN                            ARTURIA , DOEPFER MCV 24 – MSY2

or 1/16th                                                                 Korg SQ-1 analog sync , most analog

                                                                              sequencers, Orthogonal Devices ER-101,

                                                                              TipTop Trigger Riot & Circadian Rhythm.

                                                                              Erica Synths Drum Sequencer ,                                                                                                                        1010 Black Box (clock in) 

                                                                              Quite common to find as the default
                                                                              for Eurorack modules.
*********************************************************************************
Euro                              8 or 16 PPQN                    Beastek Amoeba
drum trigger module
********************************************************************************
CR 78  Drum               12PPQN                            Roland
********************************************************************************

MIDI & Sync 24                                                   Modcan Touch Sequencer (Midi sync)

Roland DIN SYNC      24 PPQN                           ROLAND, ARTURIA, ELEKTRON

Computer DAW                                                    Korg SQ-1 MIDI sync, DAW

                                                                            TipTop Trigger Riot & Circadian Rhythm

                                                                              Nerd Seq Mod.clock24 in (XOR)                                                              

***********************************************************************************
KORG DIN                   48 PPQN                         LINN LM-2, ARTURIA, ELEKTRON
Sync 48
********************************************************************************
---------------------------

Step Gate
Starting off with the basic analog clock. ....
This is all pre-MIDI. The signal can be a simple LFO or a gate module producing a square wave. The Doepfer Dark Time  for example can produce a 1 Step gate. A basic analog, pre midi modular will use this form of timing.
This is almost a 1PPQN equivalent.
Most common in Eurorack ... eg Zularic Repetitor, (Noise Engineering),  Erica Synths Pico Seq &
Pico trigger , Delptronics Triggerman,  Disting Mk3 & 4, Modcan Touch Sequencer (ext sync)

Korg Pulse - 2PPQN
Korg SQ-1 sequencers and the Korg Volcas use this standard.
A single KORG pulse is equivalent to just 2 PPQN.

Step Clock (16th clock) - 4PPQN. 
This is an analog trigger. It's equivalent PPQN is 4.( ie four pulses per quarter note
or 1⁄4 the duration of a quarter note.)
It's also called 16th because a note is sent or received every 16th note.
This is quite common to find as a default for Eurorack modules.
This is the most common clock among old analog sequencers.
Devices like the DOEPFER MCV 24 & MSY2 can produce this type of clock.
Also, Eloquencer (Winter Modular)
(So too does the Tip top trigger riot though it can also be set to use 24PPPQ)

MIDI - Sync 24 - Roland DIN Sync - 24PPQN
In the case of MIDI (and Roland DIN Sync), the standard is 24PPQN.
MIDI clock sends a tick 96 times per quarter note.
Lots of old Roland Synths such as the TB303 & TR606, 808, 909 use this standard.
Most DAWs will also use  a 24 PPQN signal
This means that you can have a  triplet for each 8th note. (24/3 = 8)

Korg DIN SYNC - Sync 48 - 48PPQN
Korg has it's own version of DIN Sync.
It uses the same 5 pin cable/socket, but the PPQN is 48.
When syncing Roland and Korg gear via DIN sync, they will work however the Korg machine will run at 1/2 the tempo/speed of the Roland unit.
This can be corrected with several devices which will translate 24-48 sync, such as the Korg KMS-30.
 Korg drums such as the KPR-77, DDM-110 & DDM-220 use 48 sync.
Other devices that use 48 PPQN are the LINN ELECTRONICS LM-2 Drum and some Oberheim Drum Machines.

The Pioneer Toraiz can input & output clock signals of value 1PPQN, 2PPQN, 4PPQN, 24PPQN, 48PPQN.
Synstrom Deluge : Trigger clock output, configurable up to 192 PPQN

Kenton Modsolo - outputs 24PPQN, 48PPQN. 

I understand it can also be set to between 1PPQN to12PPQN (though I haven't tested this).

Links:
Syncing the korg SQ1 with SQ-10


Do let me know if there are any mistakes, errors, or omissions.

Alesis DM5 - Pioneer Squid

qUITE  a handy drum rack.
The 1U module can be triggered with MIDI & analogue triggers.

How to recall Drumsets
The DM5 has 21 Drumsets available, each of which has 61 programmable drum sounds.
To recall a Drumset on the DM5:
1. Press DRUMSET
2. Turn the VALUE encoder to select a Drumset

Editing The Triggers
The DM5 has over 500 drum sounds arranged into 8 Families.
These consist of Kick, Snare, Toms, Hi-Hats, Cymbals, Percussion, Effects and Random Samples.
To assign a new Voice to a MIDI Note or External Trigger Pad:

1. Press VOICE, then press NOTE CHASE
2. Play a note on your MIDI controller or a Drum Pad
3. Press the CURSOR> button until you have selected the Voice Family parameter on the top left corner of the display. Choose one of the families listed above using the VALUE wheel
4. By pressing the CURSOR> button one more time you can then select one of the Voices in that Family using the VALUE wheel

Triggering with MIDI
Using the Pioneer Toraiz Squid

Looks like there are 12 triggers.
Set up midi channel (using channel 1 in this case)

To choose the Drumset, press group then  voice on the Alesis drum.
You scroll through the sounds with the pitch /cc knob on the squid

KIK 36 C1 (C2 on the Toraiz)
Snare 40 E1 (E2 on the Toraiz)
Tom 41 F1 (F2 on the Toraiz)
Clap D#1   (D#2 on the Toraiz)
Hat F# 1 (F#2 on the Toraiz)
Cymbal C#2 (c#3 on the Toraiz)
Tambourine F#2 (F#3 on the Toraiz)
Cow Bell G#2 (G#3 on the Toraiz)
Vibrslap A#2 (A#3 on the Toraiz)
Ping Ride B2 (B3 on the Toraiz)
Cym SternDark A2 (A3 on the Toraiz)
Bongo Hi C3 (C4 on the Toraiz)
Cym Splash G2 (G3 on the Toraiz)
Anvil C#1 (C#2 on the Toraiz)
Clank G#5 (G#6 on the Toraiz)
Cuica Lo G4 (G5 on the Toraiz)

The main out is the left out at the back.

Korg Volca Beats - midi mapping

The Volca Beats is a cute but powerful drum.
Perfect for live performance. The sequencer is a bit limited. so midi mapping to an
external sequencer would be useful.
I'm using the Pioneer Toraz Squid as my midi sequencer.

So the volca doesn't start playing the moment you start the Squid
you need to enter the Global function setting.

1. Start the Volca while holding the func key, wait for it to start.
2. press step 6 (the light should go off), press Rec.
    Now the sequencer will not start when you press play in your DAW or your Midi sequencer.
  

  (It looks like the default midi receive channel is 10... the same as the Roland 707 & 909).
       I'm leaving it as it is.

If you wish to change the midi receive channel:

1. While holding down the MEMORY button, turn on the volca beats.
2. Step buttons 1 to 16 correspond to the MIDI channels 1 to 16.
    Press the button that corresponds to the desired channel, and the LED below the
    step button will light up
3. When you have finished specifying the settings, press the  (REC) button.
     The settings will be saved, and the volca beats will be restarted.
     If you decide to cancel the settings, press the  (PLAY) button.


Also in the Global setting
1. Start the Volca while holding the func key, wait for it to start.
2. Press step 7. MIDI RX ShortMessage
     Set  to off (St.oF)
3.  press Rec. to save

There are 10 voices to map

1. kick C2
2. Snare D2
3. Lo Tom G2
4. Hi Tom D3
5. CL Hat F#2
6. Open Hat A#2
7. Clap D#2
8. Claves D#5
9. Agogo G4
10. Crash C#3

 Renaming projects in squid
* use the shift, main knob, Track Button & back button ..
Press shift + press main knob = space.
Shift + back = delete
arrow keys move forward & back
*  shift + Track --- you can rename tracks, change their colour, etc

-------------------------------------
*** The Volca sample  has a different midi implementation to the Volca Beats.
       In the Sample, each voice has its own MIDI channel. ***

Korg MonoTribe - Midi triggering.

The monotribe has two sections:
Synth & Drums

 mY  monotribe has been fitted with midi. I can't remember what kit I used. Sorry. Those were the days before I documented everything in a blog.
It's a very useful synth. So simple.... yet enough for the foundation of a track.
Just 3 drum voices & a mono synth.

Synth: Use midi channel 1

Drums: It’s using the standard General MIDI specification for drums,
which means the Drum section is triggered on MIDI channel 10 using the following notes .

Name    Note number    Note name    GM drum name
BD    36    C1    Bass drum 1
SN    40    E1    Snare dum 2/Electric snare
HH    42    F#1    Closed hi-hat

This works for DAWs like Abelton
-------------------------------------------------------------
Note: your sequencer might be different.
I'm using a Pioneer Toraiz Squid. You'll need to shift the notes up an octave.

Name    Note number    Note name    GM drum name
BD    36    C2  Bass drum 1
SN    40    E2   Snare drum 2/Electric snare
HH    42    F#2    Closed hi-hat

The Pioneer Squid its a revelation for me. Thanks Mitch for the advice. It's allowed me to re-use lots of my old synths & drums in unconventional ways.
----------
Turn off all active steps in the monotribe sequencer, otherwise this will play the moment you start
your external sequencer.
Turn down the noise.

Linn Drum - Cooper Midi

Midi implementation for a Linn 2 Drum

My LM 2 uses a JL Cooper midi PCB.

Im using a Pioneer Toraz Squid to sequence.
The default drum assignments are :

Side stick              36 C2
Snare 1                 37 C#2
Snare 2                  38       D 2
*Snare 3             39   D#2
*Bass 1               40  E2
*Bass 2                41      F2
*Crash                 42      F#2                                 
 Hi Hat 1             43    G2                           
Hi Hat 2              44 G#2
*Hi Hat Open      45  A2
 Hi Tom                46     A#2
Mid Tom               47    
  *Lo Tom             48   C3
Ride 1                   49
* Ride 2                50    D3
 Cabasa 1               51D#3
*Cabasa 2              52 E3
Tamb 1                   53
*Tamb 2                 54 F#3
Hi Conga                55 G3
Lo Conga               56 G#3
*Cowbell                57  A3
Claps                       58 A#3