I've been experimenting a lot lately with CMOS ICs and was asked the question by one reader which chips should he buy for his war chest?
This lead me to ask the question "which are the most popular ICs?"
Here is a list of not just CMOS chips, but other chips I commonly reorder & use in my
DIY projects (and for the electronic history buffs, chips that I think changed the world).
You probably won't ever need to buy the old microprocessor chips, but its fun to see how
things develop over the years.
The list will probably change over time.
Let me know if you think I have missed any important chips.
1. 555 Timers. The 556 is a dual 555.
The Signetics NE555 was nvented in 1971 by Hans Camenzind. More than a million are sold every year.
The 555 is a simple IC that can function as a timer or an oscillator.
2. 741 & LM324 op-amps
The 741 was invented in 1968. It requires both positive and negative voltage.
The LM324 was introduced in 1972 & consists of four separate op-amp
circuits
The LM324
doesn’t require a bipolar power supply.
3. Texas Instruments 5400 & 7400 logic family (these have been in production since 1964)
TTL -- transistor transistor logic.74-series logic is such a important part of today's digital world.
4. 78xx / 79xx voltage regulators.
5. The 40XX CMOS family
6. µA723 linear regulator (Bob Widlar, Fairchild, 1967)
7. Fairchild Semiconductor μA741 Op-Amp (1968).
Designer: David Fullagar
8. Intel 4004. (1971)
The world's first microprocessor. This led to the famous 8080 CPU and then
the IBM PC's 8088, 80286, 486 etc.
9. Motorola 6800 (1974). 8-bit microprocessor
Synthesizers using the 6800 & its variants:
The 6800 was used in the Fairlight CMI series II. The IIx used the later 6809.
The Fairlight series III used the 6809 & 68000
Ensoniq EPS-16 (68000),
Oberheim Xpander, Oberheim Matrix, ( 6809)
PPG Wave 2.x , PPG Waverterm A (6809)
Ensoniq SDP-1 , Ensoniq ESQ1, Ensoniq SQ80 (6809)
Quasar M8 (6800)
10. Intel 8080 (1974)
The first "real" microprocessor. This 8-bit CPU ignited the PC revolution
as a part
of the MITS Altair 8800, the first mass-produced
personal-computer kit.
11. MOS Technology 6502 Microprocessor (1975)
It's the main brains of computers like the Apple I & II, the Commodore PET, and game
systems like the Nintendo and Atari.
12. Zilog Z80 microprocessor. This was used in many home computers of the early 1980s
like the Dick Smith System 80 which was my first computer.
The z80 CPU is an 8-bit microprocessor (1976)
It was also common in military applications, musical equipment,
such as synthesizers, and in the computerized coin operated video games of the
late 1970s and early 1980, the arcade machines or video game arcade cabinets.
Synthesizers that used the Z80 include: Roland Jupiter 8,
Sequential Circuits Prophet 5 & 10,
Sequential Circuits Prophet 600, Roland MC4,
E-mu 4060, Roland MSQ700, Oberheim OB-8,
MemoryMoog, Emulator I and II, Akai 2700, E-mu SP-1200, E-mu Drumulator,
Sequential Circuits Drumtraks.
13. Texas Instruments TMC0281 Speech Synthesizer (1978).
The TMC0281 was the world's first single-chip speech synthesizer
14. Intel 8088 Microprocessor (1979).
It's a 16 bit CPU that established what is today known as the x86 architecture.
Almost all the world’s PCs are built around CPUs that can claim the 8088 as an ancestor.
15. Motorola 68000 (1980). 16-bit.
Initially this powered Unix servers and workstations but its
breakthrough application was the Apple Macintosh in 1984.
The processor also saw significant use in the Atari ST and Amiga computer lines.
The Buchla 700 used this processor in 1978.
The Atari ST was used to write the Buchla 700's software (called MIDAS VII).
16. Texas Instruments TMS32010 Digital Signal Processor (1983)
17. Intersil ICL8038 Waveform Generator (circa 1983).
The chip generates sine, square, triangular, sawtooth, and pulse waveforms
It's used in the Moog Synth. It's great for DIY function generators and theremins.
18. Acorn Computers ARM1 Processor (1985)
More than 10 billion ARM cores have been manufactured over the decades.
It's used in all sorts of equipment including one of Apple’s iPhone.
19. Toshiba NAND Flash Memory (1989).
Designer: Masuoka-san.
NAND flash is found everywhere... USB drives, caneras, smartphones, etc etc
20. Microchip Technology PIC 16C84 Microcontroller (1993)
The PIC 16C84, used a new type of memory called EEPROM
(electrically erasable programmable read-only memory).
21. AMD Opteron 240 (2003)
This marked the move from a 32-bit world to 64-bit.
All desktop-PC microprocessors manufactured today use Opteron's x86-64 instruction set.
You will find this type of memory used in lots of drum machines from the 90's
This is by no means a full or comprehensive list of important or useful ICs. There are many more to list.
JonDent - Explorations in Electronics, Electronic Music, Coffee, Sci Fi, Art & Travel (but mostly electronic music)
Showing posts with label TTL chips. Show all posts
Showing posts with label TTL chips. Show all posts
Saturday, 29 December 2018
Friday, 30 November 2018
lzx Video Synth - 110 Counter module
These are some build pics of my DIY LZX 110 counter module.
It's part of the Castle series of digital modules designed by Philip Baljeu of Toronto.
I am in no way affiliated with LZX. These are pics to help me (and others) to trouble shoot.
Other modules in the Castle series are:
LZX - Castle
Introduction
00_000 ADC - Analog to digital converter
01_001 DAC - Digital to Analog converter
02_010 Clock VCO
03_011 Shift Register
04_100 Multi Gate
05_101 Quad Gate
06_110 Counter
07_111 Flip flops
One of the great things about building these modules is that the schematics are included.
It's described thus:
"The Counter is a 4-Bit clock counter/divider. Each successive output from Q0 to Q3 is half the frequency of the previous."
It also generates a sequence of numbers in binary counting order from 0000 to 1111 (0-15) in response to the level changes of a single clock input. After the counter reaches 1111 the next clock pulse will return it to 0000. At the end of the count (when it reaches 1111), there is a output pulse at RCO.
The Counter will take an oscillator signal from the vidiot and give you four divided outputs. /2, /4, /8, /16. And a fifth output that puts out a pulse when the counter has reached the last number in its count.(Philip)
Finally when used in conjunction with the Clock VCO and the DAC , waveforms can be synthesized.
The Counter module uses a inexpensive SN74HC191N -- it's a TTL Counter/Multiplier/divider logic IC.
It has 4-bit synchronous, reversible, up/down binary counters.
Links
+ ADC overview - LZX
+ LZX industries
+ CMOS
+ TTL chips
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Video Index page
It's part of the Castle series of digital modules designed by Philip Baljeu of Toronto.
I am in no way affiliated with LZX. These are pics to help me (and others) to trouble shoot.
Other modules in the Castle series are:
LZX - Castle
Introduction
00_000 ADC - Analog to digital converter
01_001 DAC - Digital to Analog converter
02_010 Clock VCO
03_011 Shift Register
04_100 Multi Gate
05_101 Quad Gate
06_110 Counter
07_111 Flip flops
One of the great things about building these modules is that the schematics are included.
It's described thus:
"The Counter is a 4-Bit clock counter/divider. Each successive output from Q0 to Q3 is half the frequency of the previous."
It also generates a sequence of numbers in binary counting order from 0000 to 1111 (0-15) in response to the level changes of a single clock input. After the counter reaches 1111 the next clock pulse will return it to 0000. At the end of the count (when it reaches 1111), there is a output pulse at RCO.
The Counter will take an oscillator signal from the vidiot and give you four divided outputs. /2, /4, /8, /16. And a fifth output that puts out a pulse when the counter has reached the last number in its count.(Philip)
Finally when used in conjunction with the Clock VCO and the DAC , waveforms can be synthesized.
It has 4-bit synchronous, reversible, up/down binary counters.
Links
+ ADC overview - LZX
+ LZX industries
+ CMOS
+ TTL chips
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Video Index page
Friday, 14 September 2018
Vectrex - Game
New Toy !
This dates from 1982.
This was a time when most arcade games used vector graphics. (for instance in Asteroids and Space War), different from the raster technique used in most home video games that connected to televisions. Vector graphics are essentially lines of light. Raster graphics consist of small pixels or blocks.
The built in game, Minestorm is a derivative of Asteriods.
I remember playing asteriods on an Atari back in those days and the vectrex is probably the closest thing I'll get to experience this today, short of buying a vintage arcade machine.
This video is a very cool... recreating asteiods with lasers:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FkHjG759ABY
So I'm lucky to have found a working vectrex.
Considering if I should mod it or leave it alone.
Will probably mod it.
I'm interested in using the monitor for video synthesis.
One peripherial I don't have is the light pen.
There are however a few sites with hacks for making my own.
http://www.playvectrex.com/vectech/mvlp/mvlp_f.htm
and:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6On2AFPx6pc
The working end of the pen is a cheap silicon L14G3 phototransistor
The other periphery are the 3D glasses.
...so so rare. This 3D system predated the Sega Master System's SegaScope 3D by about four years.
The monitor is Black & white.
Every game came with its own coloured and transparent overlay, that could be attached to the screen.
Specs:
Manufacturer: Western Technologies/Smith Engineering which was a videogame company started by Jay Smith, an engineer who was previously an employee at Mattel. It was licensed and distributed first by General Consumer Electric (GCE), and then by Milton Bradley Company after their purchase of GCE.
The Vectrex was known as Bandai Vectrex Kousokusen in Japan.
Release year: 1982
Discontinued :1984
MPU: Motorola 68A09 (MPU= Microprocessor)
It's a DIP-40 8-BIT MICROPROCESSING UNIT.
On the actual PCB it's IC206.
Frequency: The MPU operates at 1.6 MHz from a 6 MHz external Xtal.
An internal divide by 4 circuit generates the MPU 1.6 MHz "E" clock signal
used in the system
ROM: 8KB (one 8-bit 2363 chip) , 4KB used by Minestorm.
On the actual pcb the ROM chip is IC201. It's the sharp 284001-1
RAM: 2 x 1KB (two 4-bit 2114 chips). These RAMS provide storage locations for data
indicative of locations of objects, game status, and various other information
needed by the microprocessor during game operation. (IC 204 & 205)
Sound: 3 channels through a General Instrument AY-3-8912 sound chip
You will find this chip on the Logic board. It's IC 208.
3" electrodynamic paper cone speaker.
3 voices (all square wave). 1 noise generator
Media: ROM cartridges 32KB
Display : 9 x 11 inch CRT (240mm diagonal), Black & White monitor. Samsung model 240RB40
Resolution: 330 × 410
WEIGHT: 15 Lbs.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The standard TTL device types 74LS00 and 74LS32 are used as control line decoders to allow the MPU to select the appropriate circuit element to be addressed at any particular time.
The 74LS32 decodes logic to perform read and write access to the RAM by the processor . The 74LS32 is a Quad-ORgate. (IC203). Its obsolete so you have have trouble finding replacements.
The 74LS00 is a 2/IN NAND gate. (IC202) .
**Any TTL chips you find with the code 74LSxx are Low power Schottky and date pre 1985.
They were superceeded by chips using the code 74ASxx - Advanced Schottky.
TTL stands for Transistor–transistor logic. Its a logic family built from bipolar junction transistors. Its name signifies that transistors perform both the logic function (the first "transistor") and the amplifying function (the second "transistor")**
The analog processing section includes digital to analog converter (DAC) chip type MC1408, dual 4 channel multiplexer/demultiplexer chip type CD4052, and dual channel op-amps types LF353 and LF347.
The DAC chip (Digital to Analogue Converter) MC1408 receives an 8 bit word at data terminals D0-D7. DAC output (pin 4) is current source. This IC is responsible for graphic output
One section of IC LF353 is used to change this current to a voltage representative of the 8 bit digital word received by the DAC chip. The LF353 voltage is applied to an input of the dual 4 channel CMOS multiplexer (MUX) chip CD4052. This same voltage (designated "DAC" on the schematic) is the X-axis drive signal.
The CD4052 MUX chip serves two purposes: it selectively couples, under MPU control, the output of the DAC current/voltage converter to one of 4 places and is used to selectively couple the inputs from the joystick pots to the voltage comparator IC LF353.
--------------------------------------
If you are having any problems with the joystick interface try replacing the AY-3-8912 sound chip.
You would think that the 6522 Versatile Interface Adapter (VIA) is the obvious choice for the joystick interface, but it turns out to be connected to the General Instrument AY-3-8912 which also has an 8 bit IO port.
(The above information is from the Vectrex technicial manual).
This dates from 1982.
Vectrex was the first company to bring vector graphics to the home audience via a vector monitor.
This was a time when most arcade games used vector graphics. (for instance in Asteroids and Space War), different from the raster technique used in most home video games that connected to televisions. Vector graphics are essentially lines of light. Raster graphics consist of small pixels or blocks.
The built in game, Minestorm is a derivative of Asteriods.
I remember playing asteriods on an Atari back in those days and the vectrex is probably the closest thing I'll get to experience this today, short of buying a vintage arcade machine.
This video is a very cool... recreating asteiods with lasers:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FkHjG759ABY
So I'm lucky to have found a working vectrex.
Considering if I should mod it or leave it alone.
Will probably mod it.
I'm interested in using the monitor for video synthesis.
One peripherial I don't have is the light pen.
There are however a few sites with hacks for making my own.
http://www.playvectrex.com/vectech/mvlp/mvlp_f.htm
and:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6On2AFPx6pc
The working end of the pen is a cheap silicon L14G3 phototransistor
The other periphery are the 3D glasses.
...so so rare. This 3D system predated the Sega Master System's SegaScope 3D by about four years.
The monitor is Black & white.
Every game came with its own coloured and transparent overlay, that could be attached to the screen.
Specs:
Manufacturer: Western Technologies/Smith Engineering which was a videogame company started by Jay Smith, an engineer who was previously an employee at Mattel. It was licensed and distributed first by General Consumer Electric (GCE), and then by Milton Bradley Company after their purchase of GCE.
The Vectrex was known as Bandai Vectrex Kousokusen in Japan.
Release year: 1982
Discontinued :1984
MPU: Motorola 68A09 (MPU= Microprocessor)
On the actual PCB it's IC206.
Frequency: The MPU operates at 1.6 MHz from a 6 MHz external Xtal.
An internal divide by 4 circuit generates the MPU 1.6 MHz "E" clock signal
used in the system
ROM: 8KB (one 8-bit 2363 chip) , 4KB used by Minestorm.
On the actual pcb the ROM chip is IC201. It's the sharp 284001-1
RAM: 2 x 1KB (two 4-bit 2114 chips). These RAMS provide storage locations for data
indicative of locations of objects, game status, and various other information
needed by the microprocessor during game operation. (IC 204 & 205)
Sound: 3 channels through a General Instrument AY-3-8912 sound chip
You will find this chip on the Logic board. It's IC 208.
3" electrodynamic paper cone speaker.
3 voices (all square wave). 1 noise generator
Media: ROM cartridges 32KB
Display : 9 x 11 inch CRT (240mm diagonal), Black & White monitor. Samsung model 240RB40
Resolution: 330 × 410
WEIGHT: 15 Lbs.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The standard TTL device types 74LS00 and 74LS32 are used as control line decoders to allow the MPU to select the appropriate circuit element to be addressed at any particular time.
The 74LS32 decodes logic to perform read and write access to the RAM by the processor . The 74LS32 is a Quad-ORgate. (IC203). Its obsolete so you have have trouble finding replacements.
The 74LS00 is a 2/IN NAND gate. (IC202) .
**Any TTL chips you find with the code 74LSxx are Low power Schottky and date pre 1985.
They were superceeded by chips using the code 74ASxx - Advanced Schottky.
TTL stands for Transistor–transistor logic. Its a logic family built from bipolar junction transistors. Its name signifies that transistors perform both the logic function (the first "transistor") and the amplifying function (the second "transistor")**
The analog processing section includes digital to analog converter (DAC) chip type MC1408, dual 4 channel multiplexer/demultiplexer chip type CD4052, and dual channel op-amps types LF353 and LF347.
The DAC chip (Digital to Analogue Converter) MC1408 receives an 8 bit word at data terminals D0-D7. DAC output (pin 4) is current source. This IC is responsible for graphic output
One section of IC LF353 is used to change this current to a voltage representative of the 8 bit digital word received by the DAC chip. The LF353 voltage is applied to an input of the dual 4 channel CMOS multiplexer (MUX) chip CD4052. This same voltage (designated "DAC" on the schematic) is the X-axis drive signal.
The CD4052 MUX chip serves two purposes: it selectively couples, under MPU control, the output of the DAC current/voltage converter to one of 4 places and is used to selectively couple the inputs from the joystick pots to the voltage comparator IC LF353.
--------------------------------------
If you are having any problems with the joystick interface try replacing the AY-3-8912 sound chip.
You would think that the 6522 Versatile Interface Adapter (VIA) is the obvious choice for the joystick interface, but it turns out to be connected to the General Instrument AY-3-8912 which also has an 8 bit IO port.
(The above information is from the Vectrex technicial manual).
Wednesday, 21 February 2018
CMOS cookbook
Thursday, 31 August 2017
TTL - Index and notes
There seem to be three common families of ICs that I regularly come across when building synths.
1. CMOS (digital)
2. Linear (mainly analog)
3. TTL (Digital)
Linear ICs are solid-state analog devices characterized by a theoretically infinite number of possible operating states. They operate over a continuous range of input levels. In contrast, digital ICs have a finite number of discrete input and output states.
I've already started a page on CMOS. You can see it here.
(I'll do a Linear page later)
TTL and CMOS contain digital devices such as logic gates, flip flops, counters, decoders, etc.
Linear ICs are mostly analog and you will see them in amps, oscillators, regulators, etc etc
TTL stands for Transistor-Transistor Logic. They are built from bipolar junction transistors and resistors.
The ICs are mostly 4 or 5 digits and usually start with a 74 or 54. (eg: 7400 or 5404).
They are less sensitive to static electricity (unlike CMOS),
but have a narrow operational voltage range (5 to 5.25V).
Inputs should always go somewhere. That is not be left floating.
TTL ICs use much more current that CMOS but are faster.
TTL have a low input impedance in comparison to CMOS .
Common ICs
7400 - quad 2 input NAND eg74HC00 (LZX Castle Multi Gate)
7402 - quad 2 input NOR gate
7404 - Hex inverter
7408 - quad 2 input AND eg:74HC08
7410 - triple 3 input NAND
74100 - Dual 4-bit Latch (Texas Instruments)
7411 - triple 3 input AND
74174 - Flip Flop LZX Flip Flop Hex w/ Clear (74HC174)
74191 - four bit counter (LZX castle counter 74HC191N)
7420 - dual 4-input NAND
7421 - Dual 4-input AND
7427 - triple 3 input NOR
74LS273 - CMOS Latch (Ken Stone's CGS11 - D/A converter)
74284 - 4-bit Binary Multiplier, low byte - Texas Instruments
74285 - 4-bit binary multiplier , high byte - Texas Instruments
7432 - quad 2-input OR
74HC393 - flop flop (Hyve Synth)
744002 - dual 4-input NOR
744075 - triple 3-input OR
747266 - quad 2-input XNOR
7486 - quad 2-input XOR
74C922 - CMOS key encoders with all the necessary logic to encode an array of SPST switches.
(Ken Stones CGS 10 pedal)
The history and identification of the TTL chip family
TTL was invented in 1961 by James L. Buie. The first commercial integrated-circuit TTL devices were manufactured by Sylvania in 1963. TTL became popular with electronic systems designers after Texas Instruments introduced the 5400 series of ICs, in 1964 and the later 7400 series in 1966.
The Texas Instruments 7400 family became an industry standard. Compatible parts were made by Motorola, AMD, Fairchild, Intel,and many other manufacturers around the world.
* 74xx - old original chips. Now obsolete
* 74Sxx - Higher speed Schottky. (1969). Also obsolete
* 74LSxx - Low power Schottky
* 74ASxx - Advanced Schottky (1985)
* 74HCxx - High speed using CMOS circuitry
* 74HCT - High speed,low power using CMOS circuitry. The devices are pin compatible with existing devices such as the 74TTL, 74STTL, 4000 series and the 74LS family.
* 74xx - that have other letters after the 74. These are usually modern, fast surface mount
TTL devices are usually packaged in dual in-line packages (DIPs), usually with 14 to 24 pins.
Today, many TTL-compatible devices are available in surface-mount packages, which are available in a wider array of types than through-hole packages.
Most manufacturers offer commercial and extended temperature ranges: for example Texas Instruments 7400 series parts are rated from 0 to 70 °C, and 5400 series devices over the military-specification temperature range of −55 to +125 °C.
Links
+ Ken Stone Digitally controlled oscillator
+ List of 7400 series ICs
+Transistor-Transistor Logic
Please let me know if there are any mistakes or omissions.
1. CMOS (digital)
2. Linear (mainly analog)
3. TTL (Digital)
Linear ICs are solid-state analog devices characterized by a theoretically infinite number of possible operating states. They operate over a continuous range of input levels. In contrast, digital ICs have a finite number of discrete input and output states.
I've already started a page on CMOS. You can see it here.
(I'll do a Linear page later)
TTL and CMOS contain digital devices such as logic gates, flip flops, counters, decoders, etc.
Linear ICs are mostly analog and you will see them in amps, oscillators, regulators, etc etc
TTL stands for Transistor-Transistor Logic. They are built from bipolar junction transistors and resistors.
The ICs are mostly 4 or 5 digits and usually start with a 74 or 54. (eg: 7400 or 5404).
They are less sensitive to static electricity (unlike CMOS),
but have a narrow operational voltage range (5 to 5.25V).
Inputs should always go somewhere. That is not be left floating.
TTL ICs use much more current that CMOS but are faster.
TTL have a low input impedance in comparison to CMOS .
Common ICs
7400 - quad 2 input NAND eg74HC00 (LZX Castle Multi Gate)
7402 - quad 2 input NOR gate
7404 - Hex inverter
7408 - quad 2 input AND eg:74HC08
7410 - triple 3 input NAND
74100 - Dual 4-bit Latch (Texas Instruments)
7411 - triple 3 input AND
74174 - Flip Flop LZX Flip Flop Hex w/ Clear (74HC174)
74191 - four bit counter (LZX castle counter 74HC191N)
7420 - dual 4-input NAND
7421 - Dual 4-input AND
7427 - triple 3 input NOR
74LS273 - CMOS Latch (Ken Stone's CGS11 - D/A converter)
74284 - 4-bit Binary Multiplier, low byte - Texas Instruments
74285 - 4-bit binary multiplier , high byte - Texas Instruments
7432 - quad 2-input OR
74HC393 - flop flop (Hyve Synth)
744002 - dual 4-input NOR
744075 - triple 3-input OR
747266 - quad 2-input XNOR
7486 - quad 2-input XOR
74C922 - CMOS key encoders with all the necessary logic to encode an array of SPST switches.
(Ken Stones CGS 10 pedal)
The history and identification of the TTL chip family
TTL was invented in 1961 by James L. Buie. The first commercial integrated-circuit TTL devices were manufactured by Sylvania in 1963. TTL became popular with electronic systems designers after Texas Instruments introduced the 5400 series of ICs, in 1964 and the later 7400 series in 1966.
The Texas Instruments 7400 family became an industry standard. Compatible parts were made by Motorola, AMD, Fairchild, Intel,and many other manufacturers around the world.
* 74xx - old original chips. Now obsolete
* 74Sxx - Higher speed Schottky. (1969). Also obsolete
* 74LSxx - Low power Schottky
* 74ASxx - Advanced Schottky (1985)
* 74HCxx - High speed using CMOS circuitry
* 74HCT - High speed,low power using CMOS circuitry. The devices are pin compatible with existing devices such as the 74TTL, 74STTL, 4000 series and the 74LS family.
* 74xx - that have other letters after the 74. These are usually modern, fast surface mount
TTL devices are usually packaged in dual in-line packages (DIPs), usually with 14 to 24 pins.
Today, many TTL-compatible devices are available in surface-mount packages, which are available in a wider array of types than through-hole packages.
Most manufacturers offer commercial and extended temperature ranges: for example Texas Instruments 7400 series parts are rated from 0 to 70 °C, and 5400 series devices over the military-specification temperature range of −55 to +125 °C.
Links
+ Ken Stone Digitally controlled oscillator
+ List of 7400 series ICs
+Transistor-Transistor Logic
Please let me know if there are any mistakes or omissions.
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